For each of the following, determine whether it is an example of classical conditioning or operant conditioning.
Antonella's mouth starts to water whenever she gets ready to eat fresh baked pizza. Recently she noticed that she now salivates when she drives past her favorite pizza shop on the way to school even though she cannot see or smell the pizza from inside the car.
Antonella always salivates when she smells pizza, but now she also salivates when she sees a building where she has smelled pizza in the past.
Mittens the cat just happened to brush against the refrigerator when Allison, her owner, was in the kitchen. Allison said, "Oh, you want some milk!" and gave her a little bowl. Mittens started hanging out near the refrigerator more often, which meant she brushed against it more often. Allison thought it was cute, so she gave her milk every time she brushed the refrigerator. Soon, Mittens learned that brushing against the refrigerator was a sure way to get some milk.
At first, Mittens brushed the refrigerator just by chance. By noticing that good things happened when she did this, Mittens started brushing the refrigerator more and more often.
Last week, little Leo got a bag of cookies from the cabinet and ate them all. When his mother found out, she didn't let him watch television that evening as punishment. The next day, Leo thinks about having cookies, but decides that it is not a great idea.
Leo did something and discovered that the consequences were not very pleasant. That experience made him less likely to do the same thing again.
Damian goes out with some friends to a new restaurant near campus. He gets fish-and-chips, but he also drinks a few too many mixed drinks and gets sick. The next time he goes to the restaurant, he avoids the fish-and-chips because the very thought of them makes him feel nauseous.
Too many drinks naturally caused Damian to get sick. The fish-and-chips just happened to be something he ate just before getting sick.